PSG has now won the season-opening cup on fourteen separate times.
The Parisian giants needed a dramatic equaliser followed by a perfect penalty shootout to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup title.
The European champions seemed to be sailing towards a comfortable win in the match between the Ligue 1 winners and the Coupe de France winners after Ousmane Dembele opened the net in the opening stages.
However, the southern French side fired two times late to take a surprise lead. Initially, Mason Greenwood scored from the penalty spot, before the defender inadvertently directed the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a remarkable turn of fortune, the Portuguese striker grabbed a vital equaliser in the dying seconds to send the match into a deciding shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then emerged as the hero, stopping decisive kicks from Matt O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
From the spot, Goncalo Ramos, the midfielder, the full-back, and Desire Doue all scored successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to complete a convincing penalty win.
The record champions Paris Saint-Germain, who met last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Olympique de Marseille after achieving a domestic double, have now lifted this competition for the 12th time in the past 13 seasons.